POSTCARD JAPANESE RONIN SAMURAI LANCE MASTER HORIBE YAHEI MINAMOTO KANAMARU AT SEVENTY-THREE YEARS THE OLDEST OF THE FORTY-SEVEN RONIN 1893 WOODBLOCK PRINT ARTIST: Migita Toshide (Japanese, 1863 - 1925) UNUSED C. 2008 POSTCARD SIZE OF CARD: 6.5" X 4.75"   Description POSTCARD Japanese SAMURAI LANCE MASTER at 73 Oldest of 47 RONIN Toshihide Art Toshihide Migita Toshihide Migita (1862 - 1925), also known as Oju Toshihide or Toshihide was a Japanese artist, creating work in traditional ukiyo-e prints and painting in the Western style. Migata was apprenticed to Tsukioka Yoshitoshi. He also studied with Kinisawa Shimburo (1847 - 1877), who was an artist who had trained in Britain. Starting in 1877, his work was published in newspapers and magazines. His portraits of Kabuki actors were well known. His war prints in triptych format are considered to be important historical documents of Japan's participation in the First Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War. Ronin A ronin was a samurai with no lord or master during the feudal period (1185–1868) of Japan. A samurai became masterless from the death or fall of his master, or after the loss of his master's favor or privilege. Etymology The word ronin literally means "wave man". The term originated in the Nara and Heian periods, when it referred to a serf who had fled or deserted his master's land. It then came to be used for a samurai who had lost his master. Status According to the Bushido Shoshinshu (the Code of the Samurai), a samurai was supposed to commit oibara seppuku (also "hara kiri" – ritual suicide) upon the loss of his master. One who chose not to honor the code was "on his own" and was meant to suffer great shame. The undesirability of ronin status was mainly a discrimination imposed by other samurai and by the daimyo (the feudal lords). Like regular samurai, ronin wore their two swords. Ronin used a variety of other weapons too. Some ronin, usually if they lacked money, would carry a bo (staff around 5 to 6 ft) or jo (smaller staff or walking stick around 3 to 5 ft) or they would use a yumi (bow). Most weapons would reflect the ryu or bujutsu school they came from if they were students. During the Edo period, with the shogunate's rigid class system and laws, the number of ronin greatly increased. Confiscation of fiefs during the rule of the third Tokugawa shogun Iemitsu resulted in an especially large increase of ronin. During previous ages, samurai were easily able to move between masters and even between occupations. They would also marry between classes. However, during the Edo period, samurai were restricted, and were above all forbidden to become employed by another master without their previous master's permission. Also, low-level samurai, often poor and without choice, were forced to quit or escape their masters. History In the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, when warriors held lands that they occupied, a ronin was a warrior who had lost his lands. During these periods, as small-scale wars frequently occurred throughout Japan, the daimyo needed to augment their armies, so ronin had opportunities to serve new masters. Also, some ronin joined in bands, engaging in robbery and uprisings. Especially in the Sengoku period, daimyo needed additional fighting men, and even if one's master had perished, a ronin was able to serve a new lord. In contrast to the later Edo period, the bond between the lord and the samurai was loose, and some samurai who were dissatisfied with their treatment left their masters and sought new lords. Many warriors served a succession of masters, and some even became daimyo. As an example, Todo Takatora served ten lords. Additionally, the division of the population into classes had not yet taken place, so it was possible to change one's occupation from warrior to merchant or farmer, or the reverse. Saito Dosan was one merchant who rose through the warrior ranks to become a daimyo. As Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified progressively larger parts of the country, daimyo found it unnecessary to recruit new soldiers. Next, the Battle of Sekigahara (AD 1600) resulted in the confiscation or reduction of the fiefs of large numbers of daimyo on the losing side; in consequence, many samurai became ronin. As many as a hundred thousand ronin joined forces with Toyotomi Hideyori and fought at the Siege of Osaka. In the ensuing years of peace, there was less need to maintain expensive standing armies, and many surviving ronin turned to farming or became townspeople. A few, such as Yamada Nagamasa, sought adventure overseas as mercenaries. Still, the majority lived in poverty as ronin. Under the third Tokugawa shogun Iemitsu, their number approached half a million. Initially, the shogunate viewed them as dangerous, and banished them from the cities or restricted the quarters where they could live. They also prohibited serving new masters. As ronin found themselves with fewer and fewer options, they joined in the Keian Uprising (AD 1651). This forced the shogunate to rethink its policy. It relaxed restrictions on daimyo inheritance, resulting in fewer confiscations of fiefs; and it permitted ronin to join new masters. Among the most famous ronin are Miyamoto Musashi, the famed swordsman, and the Forty-seven Ronin. Not having the status or power of employed samurai, ronin were often disreputable, and the group was a target of humiliation or satire. It was undesirable to be a ronin, as it meant being without a stipend. As an indication of the humiliation felt by samurai who became ronin, Lord Redesdale recorded that a ronin killed himself at the graves of the Forty-Seven Ronin. He left a note saying that he had tried to enter the service of the daimyo of the Choshu Domain, but was refused. Wanting to serve no other master, and hating being a ronin, he had decided to kill himself. On the other hand, the famous 18th century writer Kyokutei Bakin renounced his allegiance to Matsudaira Nobunari, in whose service Bakin's samurai father had spent his life. Bakin became voluntarily a ronin, and eventually spent his time writing books (many of them about samurai). Portrayals in media Thousands of modern works of Japanese fiction set in the Edo period cast characters who are ronin. They are often portrayed as yojimbo (bodyguards) or as watari-kashi (mercenary fighters). Another stereotypical occupation for fictional ronin is the umbrella-maker. The character Miyamoto Usagi, himself based on famed swordsman Miyamoto Musashi is the lead character in the comic book Usagi Yojimbo, a term literally translating to "Rabbit Bodyguard". True to the name, Usagi often takes work as a bodyguard, and works for various lords, most notably Lord Noriyuki, and teams with other Samurai, bounty hunters, and the like. Jorge Luis Borges wrote a short story about the Forty-seven Ronin. The Ronin are also a street gang in the video game Saints Row 2. Ronins can be hired to supplement your daimyo's armies in the Shogun board game. In Western fiction, Ronins are generally comparable to Western cowboys. The film Ronin stars Robert De Niro as a former CIA operative who joins a terrorist group attempting to steal an unknown object for a splinter group of the IRA in Western Europe. "Ronin" is a character portayed in Marvel comics. The identity was first adopted by Maya Lopez, formerly Echo. After Maya was defeated by the Hand, Ronin became the second identity of Clint Barton, formerly "Hawkeye." MMA fighter Carlos Newton's nickname is The Ronin. In Age of Empires III you can hire ronin from a saloon, if you get the right upgrade. In the manga/anime series Rurouni Kenshin, a ronin samurai named Kenshin is followed during the early Meiji period. You see Takanobu as a ronin the The Sign of the Chrysanthemum, he uses Muna (the main character) as a tool and tries to get him (Muna) to steal a high-grade sword from a sword master. Muna does this because he thinks that Takanobu is his father. Forty-seven Ronin The revenge of the Forty-seven Ronin, also known as the Forty-seven Samurai, the Ako vendetta, or the Genroku Ako incident took place in Japan at the start of the 18th century. One noted Japanese scholar described the tale as the country's "national legend." It recounts the most famous case involving the samurai code of honor, bushido. The story tells of a group of samurai who were left leaderless (becoming ronin) after their daimyo (feudal lord) Asano Naganori was forced to commit seppuku (ritual suicide) for assaulting a court official named Kira Yoshinaka, whose title was Kozuke no suke. The ronin avenged their master's honor after patiently waiting and planning for two years to kill Kira. In turn, the ronin were themselves forced to commit seppuku for committing the crime of murder. With much embellishment, this true story was popularized in Japanese culture as emblematic of the loyalty, sacrifice, persistence, and honor that all good people should preserve in their daily lives. The popularity of the almost mythical tale was only enhanced by rapid modernization during the Meiji era of Japanese history, when it is suggested many people in Japan longed for a return to their cultural roots. Fictionalized accounts of these events are known as Chushingura. The story was popularized in numerous plays including bunraku and kabuki. Because of the censorship laws of the shogunate in the Genroku era, which forbade portrayal of current events, the names were changed. While the version given by the playwrights may have come to be accepted as historical fact by some, the Chushingura was written some 50 years after the event, and numerous historical records about the actual events that pre-date the Chushingura survive. The popularity of the story is still high today. With ten different television productions in the years 1997–2007 alone, the Chushingura ranks among the most familiar of all stories in Japan. The bakufu's censorship laws had relaxed somewhat 75 years later, when Japanologist Isaac Titsingh first recorded the story of the 47 ronin as one of the significant events of the Genroku era. Samurai Samurai is the term for the military nobility of pre-industrial Japan. By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. The samurai followed a set of written rules called the Bushido. They numbered less than 10% of Japan’s population. Samurai teachings can still be found today in modern day society with the martial art Kendo, meaning the way of the sword.