BUILDING SCIENCE SERIES 46A UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEPUBLICATION Building Practicesfor--Disaster Mitigation U.S.DEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCENationalBureauofStandardsBuilding Practices for Disaster MitigationProceedings of a Workshop Sponsored byThe National Science Foundation,Reserch Applied to National Needs ProgramandThe National Bureau of StandardsHeld at the National Bureau of Standards Boulder, ColoradoAugust 28-September 1, 1972Edited byRichard Wright, Samuel Kramer, and Charles CulverCenter for Building Technology Institute for Applied Technology National Bureau of Standards U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDSIssued February 1973ABSTRACTThe National Workshop on Building Practices for Disaster Mitigation was concerned with earthquakes, extreme winds, and similar dynamic hazards. These proceedings present recommendations derived at the workshop and addressed to policy makers in government and industry as well as practitioners in engineering, architecture, land use planning, and the earth and meteorological sciences. The recommendations evaluate current building practices, define opportunities for improving current practice from documented research findings, and recommend research to fill gaps in knowledge. Recommendations are made for implementation of improved practices at professional and policy levels. The objectives include avoidance of human suffering, reduction of property loss, and maintenance of
vital function in buildings under conditions threatening disaster. Fifteen review articles were prepared by knowledgeable individuals in the professions and research disciplines to define the state of the art in disaster mitigation and to guide discussions at the workshop; the articles are included in the proceedings.
Key Words: Building; earthquakes; hazards; land use; natural disasters; structural engineering; wind effects.
III
CONTENTSPage
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NaturalDisasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
National Workshop on Building Practices for Disaster Mitigation . . . 1
Cooperative Federal Program on Building Practices for Disaster
Mitigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
FutureActions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Workshop Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
A. Policies for Disaster Mitigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Actions at Governmental Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Al Land Use Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
A2 State Authority for Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
A3 Explicit Degree of Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
A4 Safety of Existing Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . 9
A5 Building Regulatory Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
A6Review . 9
Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A7 Building Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
A8 Federal Disaster Assistance as Stimulus to Mitigation. . . 10
A9 Higher Standards in Post-Disaster Restoration. . . . . . . 10
AIDTax Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
All Insurance Requirements . . . . . . . . . 10
Al2 Effective Mitigation in Federally Assisted Projects. . . . 11
A13 State and Local Tax Incentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
A14 Hazard Mitigation in New Federal Building. . . . . . . . . 12
A15 Correct Deficiencies in Government Buildings . . . . . . . 12
A16 Eliminate Unsafe Buildings in Urban Renewal. . . . . . . . 12
A17 Local Disaster Emergency Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
A18 Federal and State Assistance for Disaster Preparedness * • 13
A19 Survey Existing Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
A20 Post Disaster Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
A21 Benefit Cost Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
A22 Technology for Disaster Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
A23 Special Professional Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Actions by the Insurance Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
A24 Disaster Insurance Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Actions by the Design and Construction Community. . . . . . . . . 16
A25 Professional Design Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
B. Practices for Disaster Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Actions by Professional Practitioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
B1 Seismicity Studies 17
B2 Minimum Design Loads for Earthquakes 17
B3Design . 18
Wind Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B4 Dynamic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
B5 Soil-Structure Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
B6 Strength, Ductility and Damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
B7Minimum . 19
Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B8 Hazards from Adjacent Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
V
B9 Hazards During Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
B10 Design of Furnishings and Equipment for Disaster
Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Bil Tie Downs for Mobile Homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Actions by Standards Writers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
B12 Updating Seismic Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
B13 Recurrence Interval . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 21
B14Site Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
B15 Loading Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
B16 Element Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
B17Debris . . 22
Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B18Fire Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
B19 Analytical Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
B20Model . . 23
Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B21 Explicit Levels of Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
B22 Load Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
B23 Reliability of Dynamic Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
B24Drift . . 25
Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B25 Manuals of Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
B26 Continuing Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
B27 Methodologies for Building Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
B28 Manual for Strengthening and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . 27
B29 Data Gathering Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
B30 Forces on Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
B31 Manuals for Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
B32 Criteria for Utilities and Industries . . . . . . . . . . 28
Actions by Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
B33 Earthquake Risk Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
B34 Site Effects in Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
B35 Instrumented Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
B36 Near Surface Meteorology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
B37 Climatological Atlas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
B38 Ultimate Dynamic Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
B39 Simplified Analyses for Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
B40 Laboratory and Field Experiments . . . . . . . . . . 31
B41 Field and Wind Tunnel Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
B42 Rock and Soil Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
B43 Mechanisms of Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
B44Dampin . . 32
. , , , , , , , , , ,
B45 Strength and Ductility Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . 32
B46 Non-Structural Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Appendices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Appendix A - Workshop Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Appendix B - Review Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Values and Costs H. Kunreuther
Approaches to Implementation
P. Baseler . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Earthquake Hazards for Buildings
N. Donovan _
. . . . . . . . . 41
. . . . . . . . . 63
82
VI
The Problem of Seismic Zoning
S. Al germi ssen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2
Wind Hazards for Buildings
J. Vellozzi and J. Healey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Land Use Planning and Natural Disaster Mitigation
J. Wiggins, W. Petak, M. McCoy, D. Moran,
J. Slosson, and W. Monash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Architectural Approaches to Hazard Mitigation
E. Hillman and A. Mann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Procedures and Criteria for Earthquake Resistant
Design (Part I)
C. Pinkham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 88
Procedures and Criteria for Earthquake Resistant
Design (Part II)
N. Newmark and W. Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Procedures and Criteria for Wind Resistant Design
J. Vellozzi and J. Healey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Criteria for Building Services and Furnishings
J. Ayers and T. Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Behavior of Structural Elements
B. Bresler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Behavior of Structural Systems Under Dynamic Loads
R. Sharpe, G. Kost and J. Lord . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Survey and Evaluation of Existing Buildings
F. McClure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Abnormal Loading on Buildings and Progressive
Collapse
N. Somes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Appendix C - List of Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
VII
BUILDING PRACTICES FOR DISASTER MITIGATIONINTRODUCTIONNatural Disasters
Property losses from natural disasters have averaged approximately one billion dollars per year in the United States. This is the most easily
measured but perhaps the least important part of the losses. Losses from human suffering, disruption of productive activities and expenditures in disaster relief are difficult to quantify but magnify disaster losses many fold.
The Disaster Preparedness Study, published in January 1972 by the Office of Emergency Preparedness in response to Public Law 91-606, states: "Land-use
and construction regulations containing strong disaster mitigation features can in the long run alleviate losses caused by natural disasters." Disaster mitigation denotes preventive measures to reduce the .damages caused by extreme environments such as earthquakes and high winds and therefore to avoid the
chain reaction of failures which is called disaster. Buildings support and
shelter most human activities. Thus, preventing building collapse mitigates
most human suffering, preventing building damage greatly reduces property losses, and continuing the functionality of buildings supports emergency activities and prompt return of normal economic and social functions. These benefits require consideration of disaster hazards in the practices of land use planning, building design, construction, operation and maintenance.
Any building site is subjected to several types of natural hazards. These may include earthquake and extreme winds as well as floods, landslides, storm surges and conflagrations. All substantial risks should be considered
in design and use of a building. The National Workshop on Building Practices for Disaster Mitigation held August 28 to September 1, 1972, focused on prompt and effective approaches to disaster mitigation.
Earthquakes and extreme winds, as well as explosions and some accidents, produce closely related dynamic loads and mobilize similar resistance mechanisms. Integrated attention to these hazards costs little more than treatment of earthquakes alone and provides substantially increased benefits. The
building practices discussed at the workshop focus on these hazards. Although not dealt with explicitly, flooding, landsliding, and storm surge hazards also can be effectively mitigated by the land use planning and control practices discussed.
The measures for disaster mitigation treated at the workshop can be subdivided into Policies and Practices. Policies comprise executive or
legislative actions of publicauthor ties as well as the regulations of pri-
vate organizations such as lending and insurance companies. Practices denote the implementation of policies through the activities of design professions, builders, and regulatory authorities. This report addresses the building practices necessary for effective mitigation of the selected group of disaster hazards and the policies needed to authorize their implementation.
National Workshop on Building Practices for Disaster Mitigation
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